ABSTRACT
This study aims to develop a UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of six pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs)--intermedine N-oxide(ImNO), lycopsamine N-oxide(LyNO), seneciphylline(Sp), seneciphylline N-oxide(SpNO), senecionine N-oxide(SnNO), and senkirkine(Sk) in different parts of Emilia sonchifolia. UPLC conditions are as follows: ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm), mobile phase consisting of 0.05% formic acid and 2.5 mmol·L~(-1) ammonium formate in water(A)-0.05% formic acid and 2.5 mmol·L~(-1) ammonium formate in acetonitrile(B) for gradient elution. MS conditions are as below: electrospray ionization(ESI) in the positive ion mode, multiple reaction monitoring(MRM), and the content of the six PAs was calculated with the external standard method. The results suggested the differences in the six PAs among different parts of E. sonchifolia. Sk was detected in all the four parts, with similar content. SnNO also existed in all the four parts, but the content in roots was significantly higher than that in other parts. Sp and SpNO were found in both roots and flowers, with the content higher in the former than in the later. ImNO and LyNO were only found in leaves, and the content was low. Among the six components detected, ImNO, LyNO, and SpNO were found and determined for the first time, which enriched the toxic components and laid a scientific basis for the quality and safety evaluation of E. sonchifolia.
Subject(s)
Asteraceae , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chromatography, Liquid , Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
This study was designed to examine the effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of Nauclea latifolia and Emilia sonchifolia on anxiety, fear and locomotion in mice infected with plasmodium berghei berghei. Thirty male Swiss albino mice weighing between 26-30g divided into five groups with six mice in each group. Group 1 served as the Control group and was treated with 0.2ml of normal saline, Group 2 served as the parasitized non-treated, Group 3, was parasitized and treated with Coartem®, Group 4 was parasitized then treated with Emilia sonchifolia, Group 5 was parasitized and treated with Nauclea latifolia and Group 6 was parasitized and treated with a combination of Nauclea latifolia and Emilia sonchifolia respectively. The mice were passaged with the parasite intraperitoneally and then administered extract orally using an orogavage cannula for a duration of 5 days. Behavioural tests were performed pretreatment (day 6 after parasite passage) and posttreatment (day 11). The results obtained showed that grooming frequency and stretch attend frequency were significantly (p<0.001) lower in groups 3-5 compared with the Control group. The combined extract treatment in group 5 was significantly (p<0.001) reduced compared with the parasitized non treated group. Line crossing duration was significantly (p<0.001) lower in groups 2 and 4 but significantly higher in groups 3 and 5 compared with the control group. This preliminary study consolidates the view of herbal practitioners that the extract is effective in reducing anxiety and fear and enhances increases locomotion in plasmodium berghei infected mice.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the preventive effects of emilia sonchifolia on experimental hepatic steatosis in rats and its molecular mechanism.Methods Seventy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control, model, high dose emilia sonchifolia, low dose emilia sonchifolia groups and high dose emilia sonchifolia + phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated protein kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) inhibitor (PD98059) group (PD group). In normal control group, the rats were fed with normal diet, and in the other four groups, the rats were fed with high fat and low protein diet combined with 30% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) peanut oil 2 mL/kg subcutaneous injection, once every 3 days for consecutive 3 weeks to establish animal models with hepatic steatosis. In emilia sonchifolia high and low dose groups, 5.0 g/kg and 2.5 g/kg doses of emilia sonchifolia were given respectively by gavage, once a day. In PD group, after administration of emilia sonchifolia high dose by gavage once a day, additionally PD98059 0.3 mg/kg was injected through a tail vein, once a week. After 3 weeks, all rats were switched to normal diet and treatment continued as before. At the end of the 5th week, liver tissues were taken for pathological analyses. The serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) were determinated by automatic biochenical analyzer. The positive cell count and protein expressions of sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), pERK1/2, toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) were tested by immunohistochemistry, Western Blot and flow cytometry. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA) in liver cell homogenate were detected by hydroxylamine and TBA method.Results Compared with the model group, the lobular inflammation in high and low dose emilia sonchifolia groups and PD group was attenuated (1.50±0.53, 1.80±0.43, 1.20±0.42 vs. 2.30±0.48), and ALT, AST, TC, TG, SREBP-1, and MDA were significantly decreased, the decrease in high dose emilia sonchifolia group being the most significant [ALT (U/L): 51.91±6.95 vs. 66.50±12.15, AST (U/L): 125.70±5.62 vs. 147.10±10.52, TC (mmol/L): 1.79±1.04 vs. 2.81±1.08, TG (mmol/L): 0.87±0.55 vs. 1.17±0.67, SREBP-1: (30.60±5.56)% vs. (53.10±5.02)%, MDA (nmol/mg): 5.20±0.87 vs. 10.61±5.45,P 0.05]. While the above index values in PD group were close to those in high dose emilia sonchifolia group, showing that PD98059 had no impact on emilia sonchifolia's action.Conclusions Emilia sonchifolia can alleviate hepatic injury and attenuate lobular inflammation in rat experimental hepatic steatosis. Its mechanism is possibly related to the reduction of oxidative stress reaction, and SREBP-1 may be as a mediator involved in the action.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Emilia sonchifolia. METHODS: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by chromatographies on silica gel, MCI gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH - 20 columns, as well as RP-HPLC. And their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. RESULTS: Eighteen compounds were obtained from the aerial parts of E. sonchifolia and identified as isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(1), afzelin (2), quercetin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(3), 5, 2', 6'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone 2'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), quercetin-3-O- α-L-rhamnopyranoside(5), diosmin(6), isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside(7), linarin(8), vitexin(9), quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(10), vicenin-2(11), methyl 4-hydroxybenzeneacetate(12), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid(13), brevifolin(14), chlorogenic acid(15), methyl chlorogenate(16), pedatisectine E(17), and uridine(18), respectively. CONCLUSION: All compounds are isolated from this genus for the first time except compounds 5 and 11.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Emilia sonchifolia. METHODS: The chemical constituents were isolated by Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel column chromatographies. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data and physical-chemical properties. RESULTS: Ten compounds were isolated and their structures were established as 5, 7, 3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy flavone-3-O-α-L rhamnoside(1), apigenin-6, 8-di-C-β-D-Glucopyranoside (2), quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (3), quercetin (4), aurantiamide acetate (5), obtucarbamate A (6), friedelin (7), stigmasterol (8), β-sitosterol (9) and daucosterol (10). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-2, 5-7, and 10 were isolated from this genus for the first time.